bytes()
TypeReturns an immutable bytes object. Used for binary data, file I/O, and network communication.
Signature
bytes(source, encoding, errors)
Returns
bytesExample
b = bytes('hello', 'utf-8')
print(b) # b'hello'
print(b[0]) # 104
print(list(b)) # [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]About bytes()
bytes is a Python type function with the signature bytes(source, encoding, errors). Returns an immutable bytes object. Used for binary data, file I/O, and network communication. It returns a value of type bytes.
Python provides a rich set of built-in functions and standard library modules that cover common programming tasks. Understanding these functions helps you write more idiomatic, efficient Python code. The bytesfunction is commonly used in data processing, web development, scripting, and automation tasks.
When working with bytes(), consider edge cases like empty inputs, None values, and type mismatches. Python's duck typing means many built-in functions work with any object that implements the required protocol (e.g., __len__ for len(), __iter__ for iteration). This flexibility is a key strength of Python's design philosophy.