Minus Sign −

The Minus Sign character (−) is a standard HTML entity defined in the HTML specification. In HTML source code, it can be written using the named entity reference −, the decimal numeric character reference −, or the hexadecimal numeric reference −. The character is assigned Unicode code point U+2212 in the Universal Character Set.

The minus sign is the mathematically correct character for subtraction and negative numbers. It is distinct from the hyphen-minus on the keyboard — the true minus sign is slightly wider and positioned at the mathematical operator height. Using the proper minus sign improves typographic quality in technical content.

Mathematical HTML entities enable web authors to display proper mathematical notation without relying on images or specialized rendering libraries like MathJax or KaTeX. While complex equations and multi-line formulas may still benefit from dedicated math typesetting tools, individual symbols expressed as HTML entities render quickly, remain accessible to screen readers, and can be styled with CSS just like regular text content.

When deciding how to encode the Minus Sign character in your HTML documents, the named entity − is generally the most readable choice for developers reviewing or maintaining source code. The decimal form − and hexadecimal form − are equally valid alternatives that work in contexts where named entities may not be supported, or when generating HTML output programmatically from server-side code. All three representations produce identical visual output in every modern web browser.

Use the minus entity in mathematical formulas, scientific notation, and anywhere you need a typographically correct subtraction or negation symbol. The difference between the minus sign and hyphen is subtle but important in professional and academic publishing. Pair it with + for consistent operator rendering.