TO — Tonga

Tonga is a Polynesian kingdom in the South Pacific, an archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited). Nukuʻalofa, on Tongatapu, is the capital. Tonga is the only Pacific Island nation never colonized by a European power and remains one of the few monarchies in Oceania. The Tongan Paʻanga (TOP) is the currency. For developers, the TO country code and .to domain are highly significant — the .to ccTLD was one of the first to be commercially marketed as a generic domain (used for URL shorteners, redirect services, and domain hacking). The +676 dialing code serves Tonga. The .to domain has been commercially very successful, used by numerous URL shorteners and tech companies (like Medium's old amzn.to links). Tonga sits just west of the International Date Line, making it one of the first places to see each new day. The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption disrupted submarine cables, demonstrating the fragility of Pacific island connectivity — relevant for disaster resilience in application design.